Qurbani Traditions and Guidelines: A Historical Islamic Perspective
During the sacred Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha, Muslims worldwide participate in Qurbani, a significant religious rite. It is a powerful expression of sincere devotion to Allah (SWT) through the sacrificial offering of animals. The tradition of Qurbani originates from the exemplary sacrifice of Prophet Ibrahim (AS), as recounted in Islamic scripture. Millions of Muslims follow the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ï·º) by performing the sacrificial act.
On the Islamic calendar's 10th, 11th, and 12th of Dhul Hijjah, Qurbani adheres to specific rules and guidelines. This blog delves into the essential aspects of Qurbani to enhance your understanding and ensure a fulfilling observance of this sacred tradition.
- Understanding Qurbani in Islam
- Qurbani 2024: Dates and Significance
- Is Qurbani Obligatory (Fard)?
- Eligibility Criteria for Qurbani
- The Significance of Qurbani for Muslims
- Optimal Timing for Sacrificing the Udhiya Animal
- Historical Context of Qurbani
- Detailed Descriptions of Qurbani Animals
- Step-by-Step Guide to Performing Qurbani
First: Understanding Qurbani in Islam
Within the Islamic tradition, Qurbani, also known as Udhiya or Zabihah, signifies the sacrificial slaughter of an animal during Eid al-Adha, one of the two major Islamic holidays. The term itself stems from the Arabic root word "Qurban," which translates to "sacrifice" or "offering."
This practice commemorates the exemplary act of Prophet Ibrahim (AS), who demonstrated unwavering faith by expressing willingness to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (AS), at Allah's command. Through Qurbani, Muslims reaffirm their submission to Allah and renew their commitment to His will.
Occurring on the 10th, 11th, and 12th of Dhul Hijjah in the Islamic calendar, Qurbani holds varying degrees of obligation depending on the specific school of Islamic thought. While some consider it mandatory for those with sufficient financial means, others emphasize it as a highly recommended act.
The meat obtained from the sacrificed animal is traditionally divided into three parts. One-third is designated for the family, another third is distributed as charity to share blessings with the less fortunate, and the final third is shared with relatives and friends.
Second: Qurbani 2024: Dates and Significance
Eid al-Adha, also known as Qurbani, is a significant Islamic observance that takes place on the 10th day of Dhul Hijjah within the Islamic calendar. In 2024, the anticipated first day of Eid al-Adha will fall on Wednesday, June 16th. However, it's crucial to note that the exact date may vary based on the sighting of the crescent moon in your specific locality.
Qurbani itself refers to the sacrificial offering of an animal during the Eid al-Adha period. The act commemorates Prophet Ibrahim's (AS) unwavering faith and his willingness to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (AS), as instructed by Allah (SWT). While the 10th of Dhul Hijjah marks the start of Eid al-Adha, Qurbani can be performed on any of the following three days: the 10th, 11th, or 12th of Dhul Hijjah. Therefore, in 2024, the acceptable dates for Qurbani would be June 16th, 17th, or 18th.
It's important to remember that performing Qurbani typically occurs after the communal Eid Salah prayers.
Third: Is Qurbani Obligatory (Fard)?
The concept of Qurbani holds varying degrees of obligation within different Islamic schools of thought. The Hanafi school considers it Wajib, which translates to obligatory. However, other prominent schools, such as Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali, classify Qurbani as-Sunnah Mu'akadah, signifying a highly recommended practice with a strong prophetic tradition.
While there may be nuanced interpretations among scholars within these schools, the emphasis on Qurbani remains consistent. It is widely recognized as a confirmed Sunnah, a practice established by the Prophet Muhammad (ï·º).
Here's a brief explanation of the distinction between Fard and Wajib: both terms denote obligatory actions. However, Fard carries a stronger weight as it finds definitive support in both the Quran and Sunnah. Wajib actions, while highly important, may have a slightly less clear-cut scriptural basis.
Fourth: Eligibility Criteria for Qurbani
The obligation of Qurbani applies to adult Muslims of sound mind who possess wealth exceeding the Nisab threshold or its equivalent value. The Nisab amount, as defined in Islamic jurisprudence, refers to the minimum amount of wealth that necessitates the payment of Zakat (obligatory charity). It is typically expressed in:
87.48 grams of gold
612.3 grams of silver
However, the obligation of Qurbani extends beyond just exceeding the Nisab. It is crucial to consider the possession of this wealth without debt specifically during the designated period for Qurbani – from the dawn (Fajr) of the 10th of Dhul Hijjah to the sunset of the 12th of Dhul Hijjah.
While Qurbani may not hold a universally mandatory status across all Islamic schools of thought, it is widely considered a highly recommended practice (Sunnah Mu'akadah). Prophetic traditions, including a Hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah (RA), emphasize the importance of Qurbani for those with the means. The Hadith states: "He who has the ability but does not offer Qurbani should not even come near our Eidgah" (Musnad Ahmad, Mustadrake Hakeem).
It's important to note that Qurbani is not obligatory for Muslims travelling long distances (Musafir), typically defined as journeys exceeding 48 miles.
Fifth: The Significance of Qurbani for Muslims
The core purpose of Qurbani transcends the mere act of sacrificing an animal. It serves as a powerful display of unwavering devotion (Taqwa) to Allah (SWT). As the Quran beautifully articulates in Surah Al-Hajj, verse 22:37, "It is neither their meat nor their blood that reaches Allah, but it is Taqwa from you that reaches Him."
Muslims observe Qurbani by fulfilling the commandment of Allah (SWT) and following the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ï·º) through the act of slaughtering sacrificial animals. This practice serves as a commemoration of Prophet Ibrahim's (AS) exemplary act of faith, where he displayed his willingness to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (AS), upon Allah's command.
Highlighting the significance of Qurbani, a Hadith narrated by Ummul Mu'minin Aisha (RA) states the words of Prophet Muhammad (ï·º): "There is nothing dearer to Allah during the days of Qurbani than the sacrificing of animals. The sacrificed animal shall come on the Day of Judgement with its horns, hair, and hooves. Allah accepts the sacrifice before the blood reaches the ground. Therefore, sacrifice with an open and happy heart" (Jami at-Tirmidhi, Sunan Ibn Majah).
Sixth: Optimal Timing for Sacrificing the Udhiya Animal
After the congregational Eid prayer, Qurbani should be performed on Eid day (10th of Dhul Hijjah). However, the sacrifice can also be made on the subsequent two days, the 11th and 12th of Dhul Hijjah, including during the nights of these days.
If the animal is sacrificed before the Eid Salah, it must be offered again as a penalty.
The Prophet Muhammad ï·º said
“Whoever slaughtered the sacrifice before offering the Eid prayer should slaughter another sacrifice in its place, and whoever has not slaughtered their sacrifice yet, should slaughter now.” [Sahih Bukhari]
Seventh: Historical Context of Qurbani
The History and Significance of Qurbani
Qurbani, also known as Udhiya or Zabihah, signifies the sacrificial offering of an animal during the Islamic holiday of Eid al-Adha. This practice commemorates the exemplary act of Prophet Ibrahim (AS), who demonstrated unwavering faith by expressing his willingness to sacrifice his son, Ishmael (AS), as instructed by Allah (SWT).
The Origins of Sacrifice:
While the Islamic tradition of Qurbani originates with Prophet Ibrahim (AS), the concept of sacrifice has roots in earlier narratives.
The First Known Sacrifice: The Quran recounts the story of Prophet Adam's (AS) sons, Habil and Qabil. To resolve a conflict, they were instructed to offer sacrifices. Allah (SWT) accepted Habil's offering, reflecting his sincere intention and piety.
The Story of Prophet Ibrahim (AS) and Ismail (AS):
A Test of Faith:
Prophet Ibrahim (AS) faced numerous trials throughout his life, including the command to sacrifice his beloved son, Ishmael (AS). This command served as a test of his unwavering faith and devotion to Allah (SWT).
Submission and Sacrifice:
Both Ibrahim (AS) and Ishmael (AS) readily submitted to Allah's command. Ibrahim (AS) prepared to carry out the sacrifice, but Allah (SWT) intervened, demonstrating that true sacrifice lies in complete submission to His will.
A Ram from Jannah:
As a replacement for Ishmael (AS), Allah (SWT) provided a white-horned ram from Jannah (Paradise) for sacrifice. This event emphasizes the importance of intention and devotion over the act itself.
The Prophetic Tradition of Qurbani:
Following the Sunnah:
Prophet Muhammad (ï·º) actively practiced Qurbani every year, following the Sunnah of Prophet Ibrahim (AS). He encouraged his followers to do the same.
Double Sacrifice:
Prophet Muhammad (ï·º) typically performed two sacrifices – one for himself and his family, and another on behalf of his Ummah who couldn't afford it.
Seeking Reward:
Muslims who are financially able are encouraged to consider offering multiple sacrifices to benefit more families and receive additional blessings from Allah (SWT).
Qurbani serves as a powerful reminder of Prophet Ibrahim's (AS) unwavering faith and the importance of complete submission to Allah's will. Through this practice, Muslims not only fulfill a religious obligation but also demonstrate their devotion and share blessings with those in need.
Eighth: Detailed Descriptions of Qurbani Animals
During Qurbani, the sacrifice of specific Halal animals is permitted. These animals include:
Camels
Cows
Buffaloes
Goats (including sheep, rams, and lambs)
It's important to note that only domesticated livestock animals are eligible for sacrifice. Wild animals, such as deer or wild cows, are not permissible for Qurbani.
The Quran, in Surah Al-Hajj verse 22:34, emphasizes this point: "I have prescribed sacrifices for every community; So that they may pronounce the name of Allah on all the four-legged animals that We have given them as sustenance."
Age Requirements for Sacrificial Animals:
The minimum age requirement for sacrificial animals varies depending on the species:
Camels: Five years old
Cows, Bulls, and Buffaloes: Two years old
Goats, Sheep, and Rams:One-year-old
Ninth: Step-by-Step Guide to Performing Qurbani
For those upon whom Qurbani is obligatory, offering at least one share of the sacrifice is essential. However, the option to contribute more than a single share is not only permissible but also encouraged.
Multiplying Rewards and Sharing Blessings:
By offering additional shares of Qurbani, you can potentially increase your reward from Allah (SWT) while simultaneously providing more meat to those in need. This act of generosity benefits both the giver and the receiver.
Qurbani Share Distribution
The maximum number of shares a single animal can be divided into depends on the animal itself:
Camels, Cows, and Buffaloes: Each can be shared among a maximum of seven individuals.
Goats and Sheep: Each can be shared among a maximum of two individuals.
For Qurbani, selecting an animal that meets specific criteria is recommended:
Healthy Appearance: The animal should be in good condition and exhibit a healthy overall look.
Free from Defects: It should be free from any significant physical impairments or injuries.
Adequate Meat Yield: Animals with a good amount of flesh are preferred to maximize the distribution of meat.
Physical Strength: The animal should be demonstrably active and healthy, indicating its overall well-being.
While selecting a sacrificial animal for Qurbani, it's crucial to avoid animals with the following conditions:
Blindness
Visible Disease
Significant Lameness or Crippling
Severe Wounds
Broken Horns at the Root: This refers to a complete break at the base of the horn. Minor cracks or chips may be acceptable depending on the scholar's opinion.
Missing Ears or Tails: This refers to significant portions being missing, not minor nicks or tears.
